neděle 4. května 2008

Memistor - revoluce ve fyzice?

Objev memristoru by mohl znamenat skutečný převrat v elektrotechnice, podobný revoluci, kterou v minulém století odstartoval vynález tranzistoru.

V budoucnu by mohl například výrazně urychlit dnes zdlouhavé bootování počítačů. Výzkumníci z HP jdou ve svých úvahách ještě dále. Domnívají se, že memristorová technologie by mohla vést ke konstrukci počítačů, schopných učení a samostatného rozhodování, pracujících podobně jako lidský mozek. Zde se nabízí využití zejména v systémech rozpoznávání tváří a jiných biometrických údajů.

O existenci memristoru se spekulovalo dlouho, konkrétně od roku 1971, kdy s jeho koncepcí přišel Leon Chua, elektroinženýr z Kalifornské univerzity v Berkeley. Snil o součástce, jejíž odpor by se měnil v závislosti na velikosti napětí a délce trvání jeho působení (myšleno napětí). V podstatě šlo o paměťový odpor, tedy odpor, který si pamatoval velikost prošlého proudu, a to i po přerušení napájení.

Memristor pod mikroskopem
Memristory pod mikroskopem - tvořeny 17 nanodráty z platiny. Každý drát je široký 50 nanometrů (150 atomů).



Zapadlý vynález

Jeho výrobu si ale tehdy nikdo nedokázal ani představit, nanotechnologie byly ještě v plenkách (k dosažení požadovaného účinku se působením napětí musí přeskupit jednotlivé atomy zařízení), a tak myšlenka memristoru opět upadla v zapomnění.

Situace se radikálně změnila poté, co se problému začal věnovat Stanley Williams, expert na fyzikální chemii z laboratoří HP. Shromáždil tým odborníků z nejrůznějších oborů, od fyziků až po počítačové architekty, se kterým se mu nakonec podařilo sestavit funkční model memristoru, čímž potvrdil původní Chuovu teorii. Ten se nad Williamsovým úspěchem jenom rozplýval. „Byl jsem nadšen, nikdy jsem si nemyslel, že bych se toho mohl ještě dožít,“ přiznává dojatě na serveru časopisu Nature.

Nanotechnologie v praxi

Williams sestrojil memristor z vrstvičky polovodiče (oxid titaničitý, TiO2) napěchované mezi dva tenké kovové (platinové) plátky. Na těchto materiálech není nic zvláštního, jenže vtip je v tom, že tlouštka celého dílu nepřesahuje 5 nanometrů (je tedy 10tisíckrát tenčí než lidský vlas). To je velmi důležité, neboť požadovaná funkce memristoru se začíná projevovat teprve na škálách nanometrů, při větších rozměrech by se memristor choval jako obyčejný odpor (R=U/I).

Objev memristoru by mohl znamenat skutečný převrat v elektrotechnice, podobný revoluci, kterou v minulém století odstartoval vynález tranzistoru. „Tím se před námi otevírají zcela nové možnosti, jak čipy navrhovat a využívat,“ tvrdí Williams.

Počítače budou rychlejší

Zdá se, že memristor čeká velká budoucnost. Především ve vývoji nového druhu počítačových pamětí, memristory v sobě totiž spojují přednosti volatilních (DRAM) i nevolatilních (např. Flash) pamětí – měly by být dostatečně rychlé, přičemž informace by se v nich uchovávala i po vypnutí napájení, čímž by například odpadlo nepříjemné zdlouhavé bootování počítačů. A to vše s poměrně značnými energetickými úsporami.

Memristorová technologie by mohla vést ke konstrukci počítačů, schopných učení a samostatného rozhodování, pracujících podobně jako lidský mozek. Zde se nabízí využití zejména v systémech rozpoznávání tváří a jiných biometrických údajů. Protože Stanley Williams práci na architektuře hybridních čipů, ve kterých jsou vedle tranzistorů také memristory, loni zdárně dokončil, máme se jistě na co těšit.

Zdroje: www.nature.com, www.hpl.hp.com

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